Titanium: Definition, Characteristics, Grades, ... - Xometry

Titanium: Definition, Characteristics, Grades

What Are the Common Grades of Titanium?

Several different grades and alloys of titanium are available. Below is a detailed description of some common grades:

1. Grade 11

Grade 11, also known as CP Ti-0.15Pd, is commercially pure titanium similar to Grades 1 and 2. It offers enhanced crevice corrosion resistance due to added palladium, high ductility, impact toughness, and weldability. Common applications include chemical processing, storage, ducts, pumps, and heat exchangers.

2. Grade 12 or Ti 0.3-Mo 0.8-Ni

Grade 12 titanium, known for its durability, corrosion resistance, thermal stability, weldability, and formability, is composed of up to 99% titanium, along with nickel and molybdenum. It is commonly used in marine components, chemical manufacturing, and heat exchangers.

3. Grade 4

Grade 4 titanium is the strongest commercially pure titanium with strength comparable to stainless and low-carbon steel. It is used in aerospace, chemical processing, and marine components due to its high strength and corrosion resistance.

4. Grade 5 or Ti 6Al-4V

Grade 5, the most used titanium alloy, accounts for around half of all titanium usage worldwide. It offers high strength, heat resistance, ability to be heat treated, formability, and corrosion resistance. Applications span from aerospace to automotive and medical industries.

5. Grade 7

Grade 7 titanium is quite similar to Grade 2, except it includes palladium for better corrosion resistance. It shows excellent weldability and forming properties, making it suitable for chemical manufacturing and desalination projects.

6. Grade 1

Grade 1 is the softest and most ductile version of pure titanium, ideal for applications requiring formability and weldability, such as plating, piping, tubing, and more in the aerospace and automotive industries.

7. Grade 3

Grade 3, although less commonly used, is stronger than Grades 1 and 2 while offering slightly less ductility. It is suited for cryogenic vessels, condenser tubing, and other chemical processing equipment.

8. Grade 6 or Ti 5Al-2.5Sn

Containing aluminum and tin for improved creep resistance and temperature stability, Grade 6 titanium is used for turbine engines, aircraft structural parts, and high-temperature chemical processing.

9. Grade 2

Grade 2, the most common commercially pure titanium, offers good strength, ductility, and weldability. It's widely used in power generation and petroleum industries due to its versatility and affordability.

10. Grade 23 or Ti 6Al-4V ELI

Grade 23 titanium, a purer version of Grade 5, has high tensile and yield strength, toughness, and weldability. It is preferred for medical and dental applications due to its biocompatibility.

Which Grade of Titanium Is Best?

Grade 5 (Ti 6Al-4V) is the most versatile titanium grade, exhibiting high strength, ductility, corrosion resistance, thermal stability, and formability, making it ideal for a wide range of industries, including aerospace and automotive.

What Grade of Titanium Is Used for 3D Printing?

Grade 5 (Ti 6Al-4V) is preferred for 3D printing because of its high strength, formability, and thermal stability. Powder bed fusion methods like selective laser melting and electron beam melting are commonly used.

What Is the Price of Titanium?

Commercially pure titanium is priced around $18-$20 per kg, while titanium alloys cost approximately $70-80 per kg.

What Is the Cheapest Titanium Grade?

Grade 2 is the cheapest, largely due to its widespread use and high production volumes, which reduce costs.

What Grade of Titanium Is Used for Anodizing?

Both Grades 2 and 3 are suitable for anodizing, an electrochemical process that creates a protective oxide layer on the material surface.

What Are the Properties of Titanium?

Key properties of titanium include:

1. Electrical Resistivity: Ranges from 51 μΩ/cm to 198 μΩ/cm.
2. Thermal Conductivity: Ranges from 6 W/m*k to 22.7 W/m*k.

What Are the Physical Properties of Titanium?

1. Density: 4.506 g/cm³
2. Strength: Varies with grade, from 240 MPa to 1241 MPa.
3. Color: Lustrous, silvery-white.
4. Ductility: Ranges from 6% elongation to 25%.
5. Durability: Highly durable with long lifespans due to high tensile yield strength and excellent fatigue resistance.

What Are the Chemical Properties of Titanium?

1. Oxidation Potential: Titanium's oxidation potential is high, often leading to its presence as oxides in nature.
2. Ability to Form Alloys: Titanium readily forms alloys due to its atomic size and transition metal classification.
3. Reactivity: Reactive to acids and halogens at high temperatures but non-reactive to bases.
4. Corrosion Resistance: Naturally resistant due to the formation of a protective oxide layer.

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What Are the Applications of Titanium?

Titanium's properties make it suitable for various industries:

Jewelry

Used for piercings, wristwatches, necklaces, rings, and more, due to its durability, lightweight, and hypoallergenic properties.

Medical

Critical for surgical and dental tools, implants, and joint replacements. Titanium's biocompatibility allows for better patient outcomes with long-lasting implants.

Industrial

Used in environments requiring high strength and corrosion resistance, like heat exchangers, tanks, reactors, and more.

Aerospace

Essential for aerospace parts, contributing nearly 50% of an aircraft's weight. It is valued for its low density, high strength-to-weight ratio, and fatigue resistance.

Architectural

Frequently used for glass frames, facades, roofs, and more, due to its corrosion resistance and high strength-to-weight ratio.

Composites

Used for advanced composites that exhibit higher stiffness and strength, ideal for aerospace and automotive applications.

Automotive Industry

Commonly used for engine parts, exhaust systems, and automotive frames. Titanium’s characteristics enhance performance and cost-efficiency.

Chemical Processing

Valued for its unreactive nature, especially at lower temperatures, making it suitable for pipes, flanges, tanks, and more.

What Are the Benefits of Titanium?

Benefits include:

1. High Strength: Among the strongest metals with a high strength-to-weight ratio.
2. Corrosion Resistance: Natural resistance due to a protective oxide layer.
3. Biocompatibility: Nontoxic and suitable for medical and dental uses.
4. High Melting Point: Ideal for high-temperature applications.
5. Versatile Fabrication: Can be processed using various methods such as machining, forming, rolling, and welding.

What Are the Limitations of Titanium?

Limitations include:

1. Reactive at High Temperatures: Requires careful control during production.
2. Expensive: Complex and costly refining process.
3. Difficult to Machine: Low thermal conductivity affects tool life and machining quality.
4. Low Creep Resistance: Prone to deformation at high temperatures above 570°F.

Is Titanium Rust Proof?

Yes, titanium does not rust. It forms a protective oxide layer that prevents corrosion.

Is Titanium Magnetic?

Titanium is paramagnetic, meaning it is weakly attracted to magnetic fields.

Is Titanium a Metal?

Yes, titanium is a metal, lustrous and good at conducting electricity and heat.

Is Titanium Bulletproof?

Yes, against handguns and hunting guns, but not against high-powered military-grade weapons.

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