Tyre tread patterns

The tread is the part of the tyre that makes contact with the surface of the road. And if you take a look at different tyres on the market, you'll notice a great deal of variety in their tread patterns.

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Why are they so different? Because a tread pattern is a unique design that enhances a vehicle with grip and handling for specific driving conditions. Just like in a detective novel, you could identify a make of tyre by the tracks it leaves on the road.

Every tyre tread has four constituent parts:

• Ribs are the raised section of the tread pattern, made up of tread blocks;
• Grooves are deep channels that run circumferentially and laterally around the tyre;
• Tread blocks are the raised rubber segments that make contact with the road surface;
• Sipes are small, thin slots moulded into the tread blocks.

Taken together, the ribs, grooves, tread blocks, and sipes can be arranged in a unique pattern to modulate the tyre's performance in critical areas like noise, handling, traction, and wear.

And that in turn provides tyre manufacturers with the ability to develop tread patterns to address specific driving needs like wet braking, dry handling, aquaplaning (hydroplaning) resistance, and traction on ice and snow.

How many tyre tread patterns are there? Quite a few. But broadly speaking, we can distinguish between three categories of tyre tread pattern. Which one does your car have?

The most common type of pattern is symmetrical; it's suitable for passenger car tyres, but not for high-performance use. Tyres with this design have continuous ribs or independent tread blocks across the entire face of the tread, and both halves of the tyre feature the same pattern.

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Key features:

• Smooth driving
• High directional stability
• Low rolling resistance
  

Tyres with symmetrical patterns provide the owner of the vehicle with the most flexibility for tyre rotation without affecting day-to-day performance. They're also quiet, long-lasting, and fuel-efficient. However, they are less adaptable to changing conditions on the road. So even though symmetrical patterns deliver steady grip on a dry road, they won't be as effective in wet conditions as other tyres.

Another benefit of directional tread is extra traction, which provides excellent handling on snow or mud. For this reason, a good all-season or winter tyre is highly likely to have a directional tread pattern. The extra traction is also useful for performance tyres on high-performance vehicles.

Key features:

• High protection against aquaplaning
• Excellent handling on snow and mud
• Very good road holding at high speed

The point to remember about directional patterns, however, is that tyre rotation becomes a bit more complicated. They can only be rotated vertically &#; for example, from the front of the car to the back &#; otherwise, the pattern will be oriented in the wrong direction when fitted to a wheel on the other side of the vehicle. That would render the benefits of the tyre tread useless.

You can keep track of the correct orientation using the arrow indicator printed on the sidewall of the tyre. It's in the same direction as the pattern, pointing in the required direction of travel.

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