Table (furniture)

Piece of furniture with a flat top

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A gilded Baroque table, with a stone top (most probably marble), from the Cinquantenaire Museum (Brussels, Belgium) Rococo writing table; ; lacquered oak, gilt-bronze mounts and lined with modern leather; height: 80.6 cm, width: 175.9 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)

A table is an item of furniture with a raised flat top and is supported most commonly by 1 to 4 legs (although some can have more). It is used as a surface for working at, eating from or on which to place things.[1][2] Some common types of tables are the dining room tables, which are used for seated persons to eat meals; the coffee table, which is a low table used in living rooms to display items or serve refreshments; and the bedside table, which is commonly used to place an alarm clock and a lamp. There are also a range of specialized types of tables, such as drafting tables, used for doing architectural drawings, and sewing tables.

Common design elements include:

• Top surfaces of various shapes, including rectangular, square, rounded, semi-circular or oval
• Legs arranged in two or more similar pairs. It usually has four legs. However, some tables have three legs, use a single heavy pedestal, or are attached to a wall.
• Several geometries of folding table that can be collapsed into a smaller volume (e.g., a TV tray, which is a portable, folding table on a stand)
• Heights ranging up and down from the most common 18&#;30 inches (46&#;76 cm) range, often reflecting the height of chairs or bar stools used as seating for people making use of a table, as for eating or performing various manipulations of objects resting on a table
• A huge range of sizes, from small bedside tables to large dining room tables and huge conference room tables
• Presence or absence of drawers, shelves or other areas for storing items
• Expansion of the table surface by insertion of leaves or locking hinged drop leaf sections into a horizontal position (this is particularly common for dining tables)

Etymology

The word table is derived from Old English tabele, derived from the Latin word tabula ('a board, plank, flat top piece'), which replaced the Old English bord;[3] its current spelling reflects the influence of the French table.

History

Roman dining table: mensa lunata Large 17th-century English folding tables

Some very early tables were made and used by the Ancient Egyptians[4] around BC, using wood and alabaster.[5] They were often little more than stone platforms used to keep objects off the floor, though a few examples of wooden tables have been found in tombs. Food and drinks were usually put on large plates deposed on a pedestal for eating. The Egyptians made use of various small tables and elevated playing boards. The Chinese also created very early tables in order to pursue the arts of writing and painting, as did people in Mesopotamia, where various metals were used.[4]

The Greeks and Romans made more frequent use of tables, notably for eating, although Greek tables were pushed under a bed after use. The Greeks invented a piece of furniture very similar to the guéridon. Tables were made of marble or wood and metal (typically bronze or silver alloys), sometimes with richly ornate legs. Later, the larger rectangular tables were made of separate platforms and pillars. The Romans also introduced a large, semicircular table to Italy, the mensa lunata. Plutarch mentions use of "tables" by Persians.[6]

Furniture during the Middle Ages is not as well known as that of earlier or later periods, and most sources show the types used by the nobility. In the Eastern Roman Empire, tables were made of metal or wood, usually with four feet and frequently linked by x-shaped stretchers. Tables for eating were large and often round or semicircular. A combination of a small round table and a lectern seemed very popular as a writing table.[7]

A dining scene in medieval Germany

In western Europe, although there was variety of form &#; the circular, semicircular, oval and oblong were all in use &#; tables appear to have been portable and supported upon trestles fixed or folding, which were cleared out of the way at the end of a meal. Thus Charlemagne possessed three tables of silver and one of gold, probably made of wood and covered with plates of the precious metals. The custom of serving dinner at several small tables, which is often supposed to be a modern refinement, was followed in the French châteaux, and probably also in the English castles, as early as the 13th century.[8]

Refectory tables first appeared at least as early as the 17th century, as an advancement of the trestle table; these tables were typically quite long and wide and capable of supporting a sizeable banquet in the great hall or other reception room of a castle.

Shape, height, and function

Tables come in a wide variety of materials, shapes, and heights dependent upon their origin, style, intended use and cost. Many tables are made of wood or wood-based products; some are made of other materials including metal and glass. Most tables are composed of a flat surface and one or more supports (legs). A table with a single, central foot is a pedestal table. Long tables often have extra legs for support.

Dinner table and chairs

Table tops can be in virtually any shape, although rectangular, square, round (e.g. the round table), and oval tops are the most frequent. Others have higher surfaces for personal use while either standing or sitting on a tall stool.

Many tables have tops that can be adjusted to change their height, position, shape, or size, either with foldable, sliding or extensions parts that can alter the shape of the top. Some tables are entirely foldable for easy transportation, e.g. camping or storage, e.g., TV trays. Small tables in trains and aircraft may be fixed or foldable, although they are sometimes considered as simply convenient shelves rather than tables.

Tables can be freestanding or designed for placement against a wall. Tables designed to be placed against a wall are known as pier tables or console tables (French: console, "support bracket") and may be bracket-mounted (traditionally), like a shelf, or have legs, which sometimes imitate the look of a bracket-mounted table.

Types

A combination of a table with two benches (picnic table) as often seen at camping sites and other outdoor facilities A formally laid table, set with a dinner service Nested tables

Tables of various shapes, heights, and sizes are designed for specific uses:

Specialized types

Historically, various types of tables have become popular for specific uses:

• Loo tables were very popular in the 18th and 19th centuries as candlestands, tea tables, or small dining tables, although they were originally made for the popular card game loo or lanterloo. Their typically round or oval tops have a tilting mechanism, which enables them to be stored out of the way (e.g. in room corners) when not in use. A further development in this direction was the "birdcage" table, the top of which could both revolve and tilt. Chess table
• Pembroke tables,
  first introduced during the 18th century, were popular throughout the 19th century. Their main characteristic was a rectangular or oval top with folding or drop leaves on each side. Most examples have one or more drawers and four legs, sometimes connected by stretchers. Their design meant they could easily be stored or moved about and conveniently opened for serving tea, dining, writing, or other occasional uses. One account attributes the design of the Pembroke table to Henry Herbert, 9th Earl of Pembroke (-).

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Competitive table tennis

• Sofa tables are similar to Pembroke tables and usually have longer and narrower tops. They were specifically designed for placement directly in front of sofas for serving tea, writing, dining, or other convenient uses. Generally speaking, a sofa table is a tall, narrow table used behind a sofa to hold lamps or decorative objects.
• Work tables were small tables designed to hold sewing materials and implements, providing a convenient work place for women who sewed. They appeared during the 18th century and were popular throughout the 19th century. Most examples have rectangular tops, sometimes with folding leaves, and usually one or more drawers fitted with partitions. Early examples typically have four legs, often standing on casters, while later examples sometimes have turned columns or other forms of support.Poker table
• Drum tables are round tables introduced for writing, with drawers around the platform.
• End tables are small tables typically placed beside couches or armchairs. Often lamps will be placed on an end table.
• Overbed tables are narrow rectangular tables whose top is designed for use above the bed, especially for hospital patients.

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• Billiards tables are bounded tables on which billiards-type games are played. All provide a flat surface, usually composed of slate and covered with cloth, elevated above the ground.
• Chess tables are a type of games table that integrates a chessboard.
• Table tennis tables are usually masonite or a similar wood, layered with a smooth low-friction coating. they are divided into two halves by a low net, which separates opposing players.
• Poker tables or card tables are used to play poker or other card games.

Gallery

Pedestal tables

• Single pedestal

• Small single pedestal

• Dropleaf single pedestal

• Oval single pedestal

• Multiple pedestal

See also

References

Bibliography

Further reading

Inserting a digital table (or drawing a few boxes) is an effective way to organize information in a structured manner. This allows you or your students to present information to make it easier to read and comprehend. Neuroscientists agree that chunking and organizing information helps with cognitive development and memory&#;with the added bonus of maintaining some sanity. Incorporating tables in your instructional design supports Universal Design for Learning (UDL) and accessibility with tables should be considered. 

Organize Your Thinking With Tables: 

You might already use tables during some of your daily activities but have you fully considered tables for personal, curricular, and curative purposes? Tables are a great way to personally stay organized while concurrently modeling for your students and aiding in making sure time is managed appropriately. They can be used to make sure tasks that need to be accomplished are achieved. Tables are also a great resource for self-reflection, assessment, and goal setting because they arrange information in a short form that allows one to determine if progress has been made (Tip: using checkboxes increases the benefit of this).

Consider the benefits of tables as you design your curriculum. They are perfect for planning curricular units as well as individual lessons. Doing so helps you to quickly organize all of the aspects of the units/lessons so you get a complete picture of all of the details (standards, sequencing, materials needed, assessment, scaffolding, accommodations, etc.). You may also choose to use tables when creating Hyperdocs or choice boards to encourage effective interaction and clarity for independent learning. 

Who doesn&#;t curate information in their heads, online, or on paper? Use tables to organize the collection of your thoughts with brain dumps, outlines, or cognitive mapping. Once you&#;ve created this table, make sure you don&#;t forget where you save it. Finally, where can you insert or draw tables? Look at the table below where we summarize our narrative above and consider the nearly endless possibilities of tools and locations. 

Personal CurricularCuration

• Calendars
• Lists; Action steps
• Meetings
• Reflection; Goal setting
• Self-assessment
• Self-reflective data tool
• Sign-ups
• Seating Chart Notes

• Planning Units; Lessons
• Hyperdocs; Choice Boards
• Design Thinking; Inquiry
• Math; Timelines
• Rubrics
• Scaffolding
• Student Data Collection
• Character mapping

• Cognitive mapping 
• Brain dumps 
• Note-taking (e.g., Cornell Notes)
• Collaboration
• Organize; plot writing; outlines
• Compare and contrast

Where to Insert Tables

• Directly into a digital document
• Using slide decks (make a template for others to copy, collaborate in the same slide deck)
• Drawing program or app 
• Digital whiteboards (e.g., Jamboard) 
• Spreadsheets
• On individual paper
• Tape the outline of a table on a whiteboard and have students fill it in with post-its
• Large paper for collaborative tables
• Tip: take a picture of any hard copy table to save for referencing 

Tables can no doubt become a pedagogical habit or obsession. The benefits outway the risk of being accused of a table fixation. Anytime a conundrum arises during your life (at work or at home), consider to yourself&#;will a table solve this? The answer will most likely be:

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