What is the process of threading in lathe machine?

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Before talking about how to cut threads on a lathe, it is very important to know what a thread is? In layman's terms, a thread is a "series of crests and troughs" or "spiral grooves" formed along a cylindrical or conical surface. Technically, it is defined as a spiral ridge with a uniform cross-section that wraps around a cylindrical or conical body. Threads are generally classified as external Thread and Internal Thread, and are sometimes referred to as male and female threads. Threads can be used as fasteners or motion transmitters, or to convert rotary motion to linear motion, among other things.

Internal Thread Tool

Once we are familiar with threads, let's talk about lathes. A lathe is a machine that is used to shape wood, metal, etc. by removing material. Lathes can perform various operations such as turning, knurling, finishing, etc. In a lathe, the workpiece is rotated along a rotary axis and different machines are used to perform different operations on the workpiece.

Some basic terms for threads:

1. Pitch: It is defined as the distance between two points, measured from one point on a thread to another point in a similar position on a continuous thread, parallel to the cylinder axis.

2. Lead: It is defined as the distance that a thread moves in the axial direction during a complete rotation.

3. Major diameter: It is the maximum diameter of the thread, measured in the opposite direction from one vertex to the other.

4. Minor diameter: It is the smallest diameter of a thread measured in the opposite direction from one root to the other.

5. Number of threads per inch: As the name suggests, it is the number of threads in one inch.  It is measured by placing the scale next to the threads and counting the number of pitches.

6. Depth: The distance measured between the vertex and the root in a direction perpendicular to the axis of the cylinder.

External Thread Tool

Thread Cutting Procedure of Lathe Machine:

Thread Cutting on the lathe is now discussed. To cut a thread, the pitch, lead, major diameter, minor diameter and depth are first calculated. To cut threads, the single point cutting tool used is a turning tool with a carbide insert. Now follow the steps below.

First, the workpiece is machined to the major diameter of the thread to be cut using the turning center.

The workpiece is now placed in a chuck for threading between centers. The chuck is connected to the spindle, which is engaged with the lead screw. In order to have the proper speed ratio between the spindle and the lead screw, a quick change gearbox is used.

Therefore, the quick change gearbox is set up according to the required thread pitch.

Use a thread gauge to align the head with the workpiece at an angle.

Now move the threaded head towards the workpiece using compound feed and cross feed.

The micrometer should be set to zero for both feeds.

Due to the rotation of the lead screw, the slide carriage moves to a predetermined distance with each revolution in operation. This is accomplished by positioning the half-nut of the slide frame to engage the lead screw.

The half-nut or split-nut must engage at an exact predetermined time in order to make a correct continuous cut. This can be accomplished by using a thread chasing disk or dial. This dial is attached to the slide and is driven by a worm gear attached to the lead screw. This step is known as thread tool tracking.

The surface of the dial is divided into an even number of full and half divisions.

If the split nut is not engaged and the lead screw is rotated, then the threaded dial is also rotated.

Now, if the number of threads to be cut is an even number, then the split nut should engage when any of the lines on the thread dial coincide with the zero line, and when the number of threads to be cut is an odd number, any of the numbered lines should coincide with the zero line.

Scrape the part without the use of lubricant. Disengage the half-nut at the edge of the cut, stop the lathe, and exit the tool using the cross feed. Return the carriage to the starting point.

Now check the thread pitch with a pitch gauge. If it is correct, proceed to the next step.

Using cutting oil, feed the compound into the first pass at 0.20 to 0.50 mm. As you approach the last pass, reduce the depth of cut to 0.025 to 0.075 mm.

This process continues, or continue to make successive cuts until the threads are closer to the desired depth or within 0.025 mm of the final depth.

A final cut is then made at a depth of cut of 0.025 to 0.075 mm.

Now check the dimensions using a thread micrometer or using a three-wire system.

Once this is done, chamfer the ends of the threads to avoid damaging them.

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THREADING ON THE LATHE

 

 

Introduction

 

This document presents some of the more common techniques for threading on the manual engine lathe.

 

 

Tap Handle

 

Using a tap handle is the most common method of tapping on the lathe.  The workpiece is clamped in the lathe chuck, a spring loaded center (for smaller taps) or a dead center (for larger taps) is clamped in the tailstock, and the tap is held and rotated using a tap handle, as we do with the assigned parts in lab.

 

 

Figure 1a: Examples of using standard tap wrenches and spring loaded tap guide (left) or dead center (right) to tap holes on the lathe.

 

Figure 1b: Example of using an adjustable wrench and a live center to tap holes on the lathe.

 

 

Figure 1c: Examples of various tap handles.

 

 

Die Handle

 

Using a die handle is a common method of external thread cutting on the lathe.  The workpiece is clamped in the lathe chuck, and the threading die is held and rotated using a die handle. 

 

In general, round-shaped dies are for cutting threads onto a workpiece and hex-shaped dies are for chasing (cleaning up / repairing) existing threads.

 

Before using a threading die it&#;s important to make sure the major diameter of the shaft to be threaded matches the range listed in the Machinery Handbook.  For example, a ½-20 UNF 2A thread must have a major diameter between 0. and 0.&#;.  The smaller the major diameter, the easier the die will cut.  In general, undersize the shaft diameter by 2% of the major thread diameter.

 

When using a threading die on the lathe it&#;s important to start the thread die collinear to the axis of the part, so use the body of the drill chuck for alignment and guidance.  It&#;s also important to cut a generous chamfer on the end of the part to help the threading die start cutting.

 

Figure 2a: Examples of various threading die handles.

 

 

Figure 2b: Using the drill chuck body to align the threading die axis with the workpiece axis when starting the thread.

 

 

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Rigid Tapping

 

Rigid tapping is the second most common method of thread cutting on the lathe.  With this technique the tap or die is clamped in the tailstock using a variety of methods and threaded into or onto the workpiece under spindle power.  Smaller taps up to 3/8&#; can be clamped in a keyed Jacob&#;s style chuck (NEVER a keyless chuck!).  Larger taps should be clamped using a split sleeve or heavy duty tap driver, as shown in figure 3b.

 

 

Figure 3a: Rigid tapping on manual lathe.  Click the image on the right for a video showing the process.

 

 

Figure 3b: Example of split sleeve tap driver for lathe tailstock (left) and heavy duty tap driver for lathe tailstock (right).

 

 

Figure 3c: Rigid die cutting on manual lathe.

 

Die cutting video

 

 

Single Point Threading

 

Single point threading involves mounting a threading tool with the proper thread profile to the toolpost and cutting the thread using multiple synchronized passes. 

 

In general there are two types of cutting tool geometries which can be used: partial and full form profiles.  Partial profile cutting geometries only cut the minor (or root) diameter of the thread, whereas full profile cutting geometries cut both the minor and major diameters of the thread profile to size.  The advantage of partial profile cutting geometries is that one tool can cut a variety of thread pitches, whereas a full profile cutting geometry is only good for one particular thread pitch.  The advantage of full profile cutting geometries is that the entire thread is finished in one operation, saving significant thread finishing and deburring time.

 

 

Figure 4a: Partial vs full form profile threading geometries.

 

The following videos explain the process in good detail.  Fast forward through the parts which are not interesting to you J.

 

 

Figure 4b: Good single point threading video (left; threading starts at 18:08 time stamp) and shorter clip of thread cutting (right).

 

 

Figure 4c: Examples of properly designed thread reliefs.

 

The process for single point turning threads in the design lab is as follows:

 

1.      Clamp the part in the lathe using a live center if necessary.

2.      Turn the OD to the target major diameter and include a chamfer on the end at least 0.020&#; smaller than the minor diameter of the thread profile to be cut.

3.      If permissible, cut a thread relief using a grooving tool (as shown in Figure 10 and the two video thumbnail images above).  The thread relief should be slightly less than the minor thread diameter.

4.      Adjust the gearbox levers on the front of the headstock to cut the proper thread pitch.

5.      Adjust the threading tool so it is aligned parallel to the X-axis.

6.      Touch off on the part and zero the X-axis.

7.      Cut a light (0.001 - 0.002&#;) scratch pass across the surface of the part to be checked with a thread gage for accuracy.

8.      If the pitch of the scratch pass measures correctly, begin cutting the thread to depth; start with deeper depths of cut (.010&#; in aluminum, 0.005&#; in steel) and make progressively shallower cuts as the thread gets deeper and the threading tool begins to leave a worse finish)

9.      As you approach final thread size, use a fine file to carefully debur the rough edges of the major diameter (unless using a full profile insert, which deburrs the major diameters automatically, as discussed above).  The major diameter should end up a few thousandths of an inch under the nominal size, according to the tolerances listed in the Machinery Handbook (e.g. 0.-0.&#; for a ½-20 UNF 2A thread).  You will know when you are close to the final size by keeping track of your X-infeed value, which will end up smaller than the equivalent internal thread&#;s minimum minor diameter by the noted allowance (e.g. 0.446&#; &#; 0.&#; = 0.&#; for the same ½-20 UNF 2A thread).

 

10.  The procedure for making an actual cut is:

a.      Check the direction of the threading direction by engaging the half-nut with the tool a safe distance from the part; for this example, we will thread toward the chuck

b.      Adjust the spindle speed to a low setting (100-300 rpm) depending on how brave you are J

c.       Position the tool in a safe starting location to begin cutting the thread

d.      Advance the tool toward the part the distance (depth of cut) you wish to cut

e.      Engage the half-nut for threading (it&#;s safest to leave this engaged for the duration of the threading session)

f.        Turn the spindle ON in the FWD direction and allow the tool to make a cut

g.      Turn the spindle OFF before the tool reaches a shoulder (if not exists); you can use the foot brake to stop it quickly if needed; if you stop too early, simply bump the power switch to continue the cut or rotate the chuck by hand

h.      Retract the tool a safe distance from the part in the X-direction

i.        Turn the spindle ON in the REV direction to allow the tool to return to a safe starting location

j.        Repeat steps d. thru i. until the desired minor or pitch diameter is reached.

 

 

Figure 4d: Insert comprehensive single point threading video here?

 

 

Thread Measurement

 

Threads can be measured at least three different ways: by checking with a mating nut or thread gage, by using a dedicated thread micrometer, or by using the three wire method.

 

Mating Nut or Thread Gage

 

Checking with a mating quality nut or thread gage is the easiest method to determine when the thread is cut deep enough.  Nuts are much cheaper than calibrated thread gages, but work fine for most prototyping applications.

 

 

Figure 5a: Checking thread size using an existing, quality nut.  It&#;s convenient to keep a complete set of quality nuts on rings for thread measurement (right).

 

Figure 5b: Checking thread size using a thread gage.  Click the thumbnail for the video.

 

 

Thread Micrometer

 

Using a thread micrometer is the easiest way to accurately measure thread pitch diameter for comparison to the thread data listed in the Machinery Handbook or this link.  However, thread mics are fairly expensive.

 

 

Figure 6a: Example of a thread micrometer (notice the v-shaped anvils) and its use measuring thread pitch diameter.

 

Figure 6b: (Poorly made) video on how to use a thread micrometer.  Click thumbnail for video.

 

 

3 Wire Method

 

The three wire method uses basic geometry and three identically sized wire rods to allow the pitch diameter to be calculated using any standard micrometer measurement.  The three wire method is very accurate and the cheapest method of measuring a variety of thread pitch diameters.  The downside to this method is that it requires a lot of dexterity to make an accurate measurement without dropping the precision thread wires.

 

 

Figure 7a: Checking thread size using 3 wire method.  Click the thumbnails for the videos.

 

Figure 7b: Thread wire formulas for converting between actual measurement and pitch diameter.

 

Figure 7c: Three wire measurement method explained.  Click image for .pdf file.

 

 

Miscellaneous Points

 

Always use cutting oil when threading on the lathe.  WD40 works well for aluminum.  Oatey dark threading oil works well for steel.  Chlorinated Moly-D works best for materials which are tougher to machine, like stainless and alloy steels.

 

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