Why use stabilizers for PVC?

1. Heat Stability: PVC is sensitive to high temperatures, and when exposed to heat during processing or in service, it can undergo thermal degradation, resulting in color change, loss of mechanical properties, and ultimately material failure. Stabilizers help prevent or minimize heat-induced degradation, maintaining the integrity and performance of the PVC product.
2. UV Resistance: When PVC is exposed to sunlight and UV radiation, it can undergo photo-oxidative degradation, causing yellowing, brittleness, and surface cracking. UV stabilizers in PVC formulations protect the material from the harmful effects of UV rays, preserving its appearance and extending its service life in outdoor applications.
3. Weatherability: Outdoor PVC applications, such as building materials, need to withstand various weather conditions, including rain, humidity, and temperature fluctuations. Stabilizers enhance the PVC's resistance to weathering, preventing it from degrading or becoming brittle over time.
4. Oxidation Resistance: PVC is susceptible to oxidation, especially when in contact with certain chemicals or environmental pollutants. Stabilizers act as antioxidants, inhibiting the oxidation process and maintaining the PVC's performance and appearance.
5. Color Stability: Stabilizers help prevent color changes in PVC due to exposure to light, heat, and other environmental factors, ensuring that the material retains its original color and appearance over an extended period.
6. Processability: PVC stabilizers improve the processability of PVC during manufacturing processes such as extrusion, injection molding, and calendering. They ensure smooth processing, uniformity, and consistency in the final product.
7. Flame Retardancy: In some applications where fire safety is critical, certain stabilizers contribute to improving the PVC's flame retardancy, reducing the risk of fire spread and enhancing safety.

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Lead is an abundant metal which has been exploited since mining began in ancient historical times. In 1998 lead consumption in OECD countries amounted to 5.2 million tonnes (6 million tones worldwide). The principal uses of lead are shown in the table below.

Lead has the longest history as a stabiliser for PVC and represents around 2 per cent of total OECD lead usage. Lead compounds are the most cost-effective and common form of stabiliser used for PVC. Their stabilising effects are excellent and used for PVC products with long service life and required to endure longer fabrication (heating) hours.

Although use has been decreasing, they still represent nearly 50% of total stabilizers used in PVC applications. A number of different lead compounds are used in PVC formulations in order to provide optimum performance in a particular application. The main compounds used are shown in the table.

Types of Lead Stabilisers

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Concerns have been expressed about possible adverse effects of lead on health and the environment. Independent experts completed a full Risk Assessment on lead in 2004 and the results have been passed on to the European Union authorities.

Under the terms of the PVC Industry Voluntary Commitment, sales of lead stabilisers will be reduced in stages and ended by 2015. The use of lead stabilisers for potable water piping has been voluntarily discontinued end 2005 by the pipe producers members of the European association TEPPFA, which is a partner of Vinyl 2010.

For more information, please see the website www.vinyl2010.org

Properties and Applications
The major properties of PVC compounds incorporating lead stabilisers include:

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• Excellent heat and light stability.
• Good electrical properties.
• Excellent short and long-term mechanical properties.
• Low water absorption.
• Wide processing range.
• Good cost/performance ratio.